Social movements and public opinion on gender issues

Social movements and public opinion on gender issues Social movements are loosely formed groupings of individuals which are usually formed with the aim of campaigning for or against the implementation of a certain issue in the society. Social movements do not have standard sizes because some may be made up of few individuals while others may cover even the whole part of the world. The size of the movement generally depends on the issues that are being debated at the time of its formation. Such movements are generally governed by the spontaneous coming together of people guided by no rules of regulations but rather by the common cause that brings the together (Saunders Walter, 2005). Some of the hottest topics that mostly capture the agendas of most western social movements include freedom of expressions, economic independence, and gender equality among others. The purpose of this study is to identify social movements that address issues related to gender and how such movements have affected gender. This will be possible by analyzing t he political environment that led to the existence of the social movements being discussed. The study will also seek to identify some of the impacts that the movements have head in the society at large (Love, 2006). Womens Suffrage, Ecofeminism and Womens liberations movements are some of the social movements identified in this study that have some effect on gender issues and how the society addresses issues related to women. Womens suffrage for instance is a social movements formed in the early 18th century to advocate for women to vote and run for public offices. This social movement has its basis on the era in which women were discriminated and considered to be too weak to hold any public office with diligence (Chapman, 2009). Such a movement called for the reformation of the economic and political spheres so that women could have equal competing field with men. Additionally, the movement also articulated for the honoring of women by being given equal rights as men in the ownership of property, payment of tax among other rights. Evidence point out that New Zealand became the first nation to vote for a woman to hold public office as a result of this social movement (Saunders Walter, 2005). The existence of the Womens Suffrage as a social movement clearly points out the nature of the political environment at those times to have been discriminative against women. Women were generally not allowed not to hold any public office and they had no right to own property. Generally, women were treated as if they did not have any say regarding their rights. However, the emergence of this movement drastically changed the perspective of the society towards women (Saunders Walter, 2005). The fact that women became part of leaders and held public offices is a clear indication that the social movement had a positive effect on the society because they ended up accepting the facts given by the social movement. The change also had the effect of changing the political structures of nations that accepted the calls made by the social movement. Ecofeminism is another social movement that has been shown to have a significant impact on the society. This movement indicates that there exists a commonality between environmentalism and being a woman. According to the proponents of this movement, there is a relationship between the way women are oppressed in the society and the destruction of nature through the creation of concepts that may indicate how inferior women are inferior to men (Chapman, 2009). This social movement explores or existed in a society that believed that men are always superior over women. Such a political environment is seen to have perpetuated social inequalities like racism among others. The brainchild of this movement was driven by the fact that the same intellect that promotes the destruction of the environment. The existence of ecofeminism describes the political environment in twofold. Women were being oppressed and discriminated in all manners possible. It also shows that there was environmental degradation that would ultimately threaten human existence. The coming of this social movement changed the societys perspective by improving the interrelationships between human beings. Additionally, the movement is seen as one of the factors that led to the extinction of discrimination on the basis of gender. Consciousness about caring for the environment also developed due to the coming up of the social movement (Love, 2006). Womens liberation movement is another social movement distinct from the feminism or ecofeminism which began to develop in the early 1960s. The social movement was formed to fight for all the possible women rights that may have been violated at the time of its formation. The movement was strengthened through the formation of two bodies in the United States. The National Organization of Women and Equal Rights Amendment were formed with the aim championing for the honoring of the rights of women. The political environment during the formation of the social movement clearly indicates how the rights of women we not being respected (Chapman, 2009). However, the existence of this social movement is seen to have changed the perspective of the society regarding the ways in which they could be able to treat women equally as men. This may have been the reason that led to the formation of the two bodies to oversee the fact that the rights of women were respected. Social movements are important bodies of the society because they address issues that dealt unfairly in the society. The ones related to gender are seen to champion for the respect of the rights of women in a society and a political environment that despises them (Love, 2006). The social movements identified in this study are seen to have facilitated the eradication of vices like racial and gender discrimination among others. The nature of the political environment is seen to facilitate the formation of a social movement in the sense that whenever the rights of a particular groups are infringed, the afflicted groups may be forced to from a movement that will champion for the ir rights (Saunders Walter, 2005).

Development of New Space Vehicles for Future Space Tourism

A lot of people nowadays consider ordinary space travel and tourism as an outlandish vision for the next century and for the upcoming future. On the other hand, scientists and futurists say that space tourism is a possible subject and possibility that current aeronautics and space science will lead to in the next few years. Other people view space tourism as a complete waste of resources given the multitude of earthbound problems that needs to be solved before having a nice flight back and forth from space. In spite of all these foreseen problems, space tourism is a reality that many people await and envision. These people comprise of visionaries and business men who are currently building the required facilities to make space tourism possible and who also have the courage to believe in the idea that space tourism can be a reality.Space tourism is essentially spaceflight which has been funded by personal interests for the purposes of personal satisfaction. Likewise, space tourism is very similar to any tourist vacation in the Bahamas or in the Caribbean or in any destination in Earth. Some of the personal reasons for spending on space tourism comprise the very unique experience of having been into space, the experience of weightlessness, the ability to view the curvature and disk of the earth, as well as the status of having been one of the few people who have been space tourists.ObjectivesTo be able to gain knowledge from the space travel and tourism. To be able to explore the different possibilities in travelling through space. To be able to assess and evaluate current space travel methods and technology available today. To be able to assess the output of space tourism as a business. To be able to identify the problems encountered as a consequence to space travel and tourism proposals. To be able to briefly name and briefly discuss the possible future technologies for space travel. Literature CitedSpace Tourism is the term that's come to be used to mean ordin ary members of the public buying tickets to travel to space and back. Many people find this idea futuristic. But over the past few years a growing volume of professional work has been done on the subject, and it's now clear that setting up commercial space tourism services is a realistic target for business today.(Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)The first steps will just be short sub-orbital flights, like Alan Sheppard made in 1961, since these are easier than getting to orbit. But the technical know-how to make passenger launch vehicles and orbiting hotel accommodation is available, and there is enormous unsatisfied demand market research has revealed that most people, at least in the industrialized countries, would like to take a trip to space if it was possible. This gives huge scope for reducing the cost of space travel by large-scale operation like airlines. (Boyle, 2008)One of the main challenges is merely the conservatism of the space engineering as it is today. Since Sputnik w as launched in 1957 almost all space launches and activities are government related. This race to the space has created many activities that projected an image of space exploration and tourism which almost all people kept thinking about. People like – writers, journalists, politicians, scientists and engineers, and the general public give their own insights to the exploration of space and space tourism.Developing low-cost passenger launch vehicles is not just to create a pastime for the rich. In business, the companies that make big money are the ones that serve big markets. Like tourism on Earth, there will be a small expensive segment for the rich – but the great majority of space tourists will be middle-class customers – the greater majority of us. ( Dignan, 2008)The utilization of the space is endless but it is very much dependent on access. Until admittance will become cheap, we can't make use of the unlimited resources and supplies that are available in sp ace for us to have a solution to the problems of our over populated Earth. When the time comes that access will be cheap, admittance to space will much more be easier. Making space travel cheap will require large turnovers of cash and money. Tourism can generate the large-scale launch activity needed to reduce costs sufficiently to start to use space resources – and so it's one of the most important projects in the world today. ( Dignan, 2008)Commercial space activities today include satellites being used for communications, broadcasting and photography (remote sensing). But these are small businesses – no more than a few $billions per year – that will never need humans in space. So â€Å"commercial space activities† today are not leading towards space tourism. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Moreover, if certain companies and people would want a better space travel and tourism adventure, then we should expect that more technologies and activities related to building space vehicles and other will be put in to place.Some people say â€Å"Developing space tourism is very difficult, so it'll take a long time. Leave it to the government space agencies.† But the agencies already spend $25 billion per year on â€Å"space activities† – and they are not trying to develop launch vehicles that could open space up to the public. Barely 2% of their budgets are used for this purpose – although even just one year of their huge funding would be plenty! (Space.com, 2007)The Space Future is playing a vital part in the development of a more accessible space by collecting all the work needed. This includes technology, logistics and others critical factors for the exploration of space.Stages of Space TourismSimilar to any other business franchise, the moment that space tourism begins it will develop and improve dramatically. Today, we can only think of the different stages of space tourism once it gets started and all.. Begin ning with a small-scale and relatively expensive â€Å"pioneering stage†, the scale of activity will develop and prices will go down as it matures. Finally it will become a mass-market business, like airplanes today. (McKee, 2005)Pioneer StageThe phrase â€Å"space adventure travel† has been recommended by Gordon Woodcock of Boeing and is a convenient one to describe the first phase. Customers will be relatively few – from hundreds per year to thousands per year; prices will be lofty, $50,000 and up; and the service will be nearer to â€Å"adventure travel† than to extravagance hotel-style. Orbital accommodation will be safe but â€Å"spartan†. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Mature StageThis will see demand growing from thousands of passengers per year to hundreds of thousands per year. Tickets to orbit will cost less and flights will depart from many different airports. Orbital facilities will develop from being just clusters of pre-fabricated mod ules to large structures constructed in orbit for hundreds of guests, permitting a range of orbital entertainments. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Mass StageTicket prices will go down to the equivalent of a few $ thousand, and customers will from hundreds of thousands to millions of passengers per year. Apparently unthinkable to most people in the space industry, even 1 million passengers per year is just 8 hours of aviation! And aviation is still growing fast at today's level of 1 billion passengers per year. So there's no reason to suppose that space travel will ever stop growing. There's certainly no limit to the possible destinations. And the access to space resources that low cost launch will bring about will ensure that economic growth needn't end for a few more millennia at least. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Space tourism is a business idea whose time has come in today’s 21st century. Surely it will begin soon and it will grow rapidly and develop progressively. This will now push space related activities in the dawn of the 22nd century.Leading Space Vehicle Technologies and Space Tourism CompaniesVirgin Galactic and SpaceShipTwoVirgin Galactic, one of the leading potential space tourism groups, is planning to have passenger service on its first spaceship, the Scaled Composite SapceShipTwo with the inaugural launch in 2008 and main flights beginning in 2009. The price is initially set at $200,000. Headed by Sir Richard Branson’s Virgin Group  , Virgin Galactic will be the first private space tourism company to regularly send civilians into space, by training them for 3 days before their launch. The SpaceShipTwo  was built as a result of the X Prize  which was won by SpaceShipOne;  both SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo were designed by Burt Rutan. Launches will first occur at the Mojave Spaceport in California and will then be moved to the permanent spaceport in Upham, New Mexico. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)The spaceships used wi ll go 360,000  feet (109.73  km, or 68.18  miles) high; this goes beyond the height of 100  km, which is the internationally defined boundary between Earth and space. Space flights will last 2.5 hours, carry 6 passengers, and reach a speed of Mach 3. SpaceShipTwo will not require a space shuttle-like heat shield for atmospheric re-entry as it will not experience the extreme aerodynamic heating experienced during re-entry  at orbital velocities (approximately Mach 22.5 at a typical shuttle altitude of 300  km, or 185  miles). The glider will employ a â€Å"feathering† technique to manage drag during the unpowered descent and landing. SpaceShipTwo will use a single hybrid rocket motor to launch from mid-air after detaching from a mother ship at 50,000  feet, instead of NASA's Space Shuttle's ground-based launch. (Virgin Galactic Website. 2008)Space AdventuresEric Anderson is the president and CEO of Space Adventures. He co-founded Space Adventures in 1998 with s everal other entrepreneurs from the aerospace, adventure travel and entertainment industries and has managed the company over the past several years, selling more than $120M in space tourist flights. He has developed and financed over $500 million (USD) in new projects for Space Adventures, including two global spaceports and the first private voyage to the moon, set to launch in 2009.  (Space Adventures Website, 2008)The company sells a variety of flights such as Zero-Gravity flights, cosmonaut training and actual spaceflights. In May 2001, it sent American businessman Dennis Tito to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard a Soyuz Spacecraft for a reported $20 million payment, making him the first space tourist in history. South African businessman Mark Shuttleworth  did the same in April 2002 becoming the ‘First African in Space'. Gregory Olsen  became the third private citizen to travel to the ISS in October 2005, followed by the first female space tourist, Anous heh Ansari, who completed her 10-day orbital mission in September 2006. Charles Simonyi, an ex-executive at Microsoft who managed the Office product group became the world's fifth space tourist in April 2007. (Space Adventures Website, 2008)The  Explorer space plane, which will be the main space vehicle that will be used by Soace Adventures,   is a suborbital   tourist space plane based on the Space Adventures C-21 design. The plane is being developed by Space Adventures  with the Russian Federal Space Agency  and is designed to carry 5 passengers. It is to be air-launched by carrier aircraft from a Space Adventures spaceport. The spaceport for the Explorer is being developed with Prodea in the United Arab Emirates. (Space Adventures Website, 2008)Technological AdvancementThe key in reducing the cost of space tourism is in development of space is in the development of new space vehicles. The current per pound cost of sending anything to space is simply too astronomical for accessible space tourism purposes. The costs climb even higher when sending humans into orbit. Many visionaries and entrepreneurs have realized this and are now working on new spacecraft for the purpose of space tourism.As mentioned, spacecraft for space tourism should have the goal of being economical and accessible. The Soyuz and the Space Shuttle are neither, being too expensive and needing months of training before a space tourist can climb aboard. Another implied requirement is that the spacecraft is reusable. Both the space shuttle and the Soyuz are not reusable to some degree (the Space Shuttle's fuel tank is destroyed upon take off and must be replaced). Another requirement is that passenger preparation be much reduced. Current space tourists must undergo months of grueling training before being allowed to fly to space. Lastly, with any tourism experience, the craft should provide a comfortable and safe ride for its passengers.Today, the most promising space tourism vehicle has been the prototype SpaceShipOne built by Scaled Composites. SpaceShipOne was the winner of the Ansari X-Prize after it was able to reach an altitude of 100 km twice in a two week period while having the capacity for carrying three people. Clearly these abilities are in line with the objectives of space tourism. SpaceShipOne's flight may not be considered true space flight by some people as it is not able to go into orbit. However at 100km, its passengers will be able to experience weightlessness and will be able to see the curvature of the earth as well as the fading of the atmosphere into the blackness of space.SpaceShipOne was able to do this through its design. Instead of using rockets to lift it to high altitudes, SpaceShipOne was lifted first to a high altitude before any rockets were ignited. A conventional jet-powered craft, WhiteKnight, carries SpaceShipOne to high altitude. At the predetermined altitude, SpaceShipOne breaks off from WhiteKnight and ignites its hybrid r ocket motors to push it to outer space. Upon reentry, SpaceShipOne lands like a conventional plane on a traditional runway. Together with the use of the newest materials and technology,   this â€Å"spaceplane† approach was the key in reducing the development and operational costs for SpaceShipOne. SpaceShipOne has now been retired and work is now.ConclusionSpace Tourism may still be a dream for the majority of us but it is undeniable that huge strides have been made in the past decade to make it possible. The development of space vehicles have lowered the cost for space travel and have accelerated the possibility of private space travel. In the next few years, space travel and space tourism will be one of the ordinary things that any family or any person would go to every holiday or every summer. Just like any other place in the planet, travel time will be much faster compared to early flights and the cost will be leveled off. All of these advancements will be our debt to all visionaries and the engineers who are building future space vehicles for our use.

Marketing Plan for Magnum in Vietnam Essay

Marketing can be defined as â€Å"Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large† (American Marketing Association Board of Director) Base on this definition, Marketing is the set of activities and processes with the purpose that: satisfy the customers, clients, partners and society. In general, it can be said that marketing is the process that combine all company activities to satisfy the customers and, in the end, get profit from customer’s satisfaction. 2. Element in marketing process: Marketing process includes five elements: analysis situation, marketing strategy, marketing mix decision and implementation and control. Analysis situation is first step in marketing process. In this step, company has to collect information, data and figure to understand internal and external environment. Based on the result of the analysis, company can predict the trend of market and compute that whether its ability can adapt with the market or not. In order to carry out this step, the company can do three analyses below: PESTEL analysis: Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Ecological and Legal are five macro-economic factors. They are very important for company to evaluate the market and decide whether it can develop strongly in this market or not. SWOT analysis: This method helps company identify its strong and weakness, also the opportunity and thread. Understand these things can make company developing more stable and limit the risk. It can use the strong to limit the thread and the opportunity to improve the Strong and remove weakness. The meaning of the SWOT analysis can be described in the idiom â€Å"He who sees through life and death will meet most success† 5C analysis: 5 C means: company, customers, competitors, collaborators and Climate. In these things, â€Å"company† helps the firms understand the internal environment, and 4 other help it understand the external environment. All of three analysis methods will help company understand the situation to create the suitable strategy in marketing plan to get achievement. The second step in marketing process is marketing strategy. Of course, after finish situation analysis, company has to make strategy decision in marketing base on the analysis result. In this step, company has to identify the requirement of market and choose the suitable strategy to run business. It has to do the segmentation, the target market selection, the positioning the product and the proposition to the target market. In next step, the firm has to design tactical plan to achieve the purpose. It will make decision for the marketing mix. It includes: 4 P: Price – Place of distribution – Production – Promotion. When these things are completed, company will go to the final step: implement and controlling. Because the demand of market can change quickly, company has to monitor all the changes of market to have the change in marketing mix to adapt with the market and create the competitive advantage with competitor. Marketing process II. Marketing orientation: 1. Definition: Marketing orientation is a company philosophy aim to meet the needs and wants of customers. There are five type of marketing orientation: * Product orientation * Production orientation * Market Orientation * Sales Orientation * Social Orientation a. Product orientation: Product orientation is one of the marketing concepts, which focus on the product innovation to satisfy demand of customers. b. Production orientation: This kind of orientation focuses to the quantity of product. It existed in 1950s – the development period of industry in Europe and American. At this period, the firms make massive products to decrease the cost and product with huge quantity. The firms do not care about whether its product can meet the needs or not. This philosophy is popular in that period because it is the time which has many inventions and people have huge demand for something new and strange. The clear example for this philosophy is Ford. It produced many car in that time with just only color – black and it has many successes with this orientation. Today, this philosophy is no longer popular, but still exist in some industry that produce common product such as toothpick, CDs or DVD. c. Sales Orientation: The next orientation is sales orientation. This philosophy is applied when the company uses aggressive sales. They believe that they will make more sales and more profit when they use aggressive sales method. With these kinds of company, they will focus on promotion product and train the aggressive sales force, which helps them carry out the sale method. The good example for this philosophy should be insurance company. The disadvantage of this philosophy, same as production orientation, is that it does not focus to the customer’s requirement. It just tries to sales product as much as possible. d. Societal orientation: Societal orientation is the marketing concept that provides the long-term benefit for customers and shows its responsibility with social. The products of these companies have same features such as good for health, no harm environment and creating the long-term benefit for customers. They advertise the product through the charity activities. e. Market orientation: The last philosophy, also the main philosophy that is applied to Kinh Do Corporation, is market orientation. This orientation focuses on the customer’s needs and wants. The company produces product, which can satisfy the customer and use the customer’s satisfaction to create the profit. The benefit and cost of market orientation of Kinh Do Corporation will be discussed more in next part. 2. Evaluation cost and benefit of Market orientation in Kinh Do Corporation: As the assignment mentioned above, Market Orientation focuses on the customer’s needs and wants and the company will get profit base on the customer’s satisfaction. The relationship between customer’s satisfaction and company’s profit is shown in the chart below: As the chart shows, when the firm applies the marketing orientation, it will identify the demand of customers. After that, the firm will use the data from marketing department, and connect all the activities of company to carry out the plan, which has the purpose that satisfies the customer. When the customers are satisfied, they will create many benefits for the company, not only money, but also helps company advertise free with the word of mouth method. Kinh Do Corporation applies the marketing orientation, so it also gets the benefit from customers’ satisfaction. a. Benefits from Market orientation: The first benefit for Kinh Do when applying Market Orientation is: advertising free because of the word of mouth. With the suitable marketing plan, Kinh Do can satisfy the customers and improve the relationship between customers and company. With focus on the demand of customers, Kinh Do can improve the level of customer, from customer satisfaction to customer retention and customer loyalty. After getting success to satisfy customers, customers will loyal with Kinh Do’s product and will buy it again. Besides, they will recommend to other people about Kinh Do’s product and so, Kinh Do will have more and more customers. That is the benefit when Kinh Do wants to launch Magnum ice cream. With the huge amount of loyalty customers and retening customers, Kinh Do can easily introduce new product to the market because the loyalty customers and retention customers willing welcoming and buying any product of Kinh Do, as long as it still satisfies their demand. The second benefit is that decreasing the price sensitive. This is very important when Kinh Do wants to sell magnum in Vietnam, because Magnum ice cream is premium product, so it has higher price compare with the domestic ice cream. However, with customer loyalty and customer retention, they will not care about the price of product. If it is suitable with their payment ability, they will buy and support for this product. Last but not least, Kinh Do also can receive the long-term profit from market philosophy. When Kinh Do can satisfy the customers and keep their loyalty, Kinh Do will gain a huge market share and so, create the stable consumption network for its product. After getting profit from customers satisfaction, Kinh Do can also use the profit to invest for new technology or new plan to expand the business and create the competitive advantage with its competitors. Launching Magnum ice cream is one of the important strategies of Kinh Do to get the market share in premium ice cream market. Finally, we can see the different between Kinh Do and Vinamilk- the two biggest food, drink and beverage companies in Vietnam. Vinamilk applies the societal orientation. It advertises its product through some charity programs such as dairy budget for children in Vietnam. The market share of Ki Do – the ice cream brand name of Kinh do- is about 45,8%, equal double the market share of Vinamilk (about 20,8%). It can be seen that market orientation creates more benefit and stronger competitive advantage than other orientation. III. Effect of buyer behavior IV. Positioning:

Essay on Tourette Syndrome - 2025 Words

â€Å"Imagine having poison ivy all over you body, for twenty years and constantly being told not to scratch. You can resist for a while, but eventually you give in† (Marlene Targ Brill 18). Tourette syndrome can be compared to poison ivy in some aspects. Individuals with Tourette syndrome have been suffering with tics and tantrums for hundreds of years, but today there are treatments that can help control the symptoms of Tourettes, allowing sufferers to live a normal life. The history of Tourette syndrome is very interesting. Hundreds of years ago those with Tourettes were thought of very differently all around the world. In some countries they were worshiped and in some countries they were considered possessed. Also,†¦show more content†¦Those with Tourette syndrome paid the price for having Tourette’s. Hundreds of years ago, people with Tourette syndrome were thought to be mysterious though, the outlook has not changed. To this day, there is not a com plete understanding to why or how those with Tourette syndrome act the way they do. Nor is there an exact reason why they have Tourette’s. Doctors and scientists are still researching to put the puzzle together about this disease. There may always be something a little mysterious about Tourettes. Scientists have yet to get to the bottom of Tourette syndrome. Tourette is still a mystery in the eyes of many people. Researchers have discovered that Tourette syndrome is hereditary. They believe that it is caused by mismatched chromosomes. â€Å"Researchers believe that tics are caused by and excess, or oversensitivity to, the brain chemical dopamine. (Dopamine is a chemical which ordinarily helps transmit signals involving control of motor movements from one nerve cell to the next† (Tracy Haerle 6) Scientists were clueless as to why individuals with tics and uncontrollable tantrums acted the way they did. Tics are twitches or quirks of speech or behavior. 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